>> 新網站

>> 新網站
台灣電磁輻射公害防治協會

» 網站簡介

本站為台灣電磁輻射公害防治協會 (English introduction)官方網站;本會結合電磁輻射受害者、自救會,以及關心電磁輻射公害之各界人士、非政府組織,合力推展相關防治及立法工作,盼以建立安全的電磁輻射環境。............................... 【信用卡捐款】............... 電磁輻射國際學術期刊發表論述】............................... Introduction: The strenuous long way-a way to resist electromagnetic radiation hazard

» 【紀錄短片暨電磁輻射檢測服務】

「我家不要電磁輻射」紀錄短片 .................................. 【電磁輻射檢測服務】 服務目地: 為協助民眾了解家戶住宅電磁輻射存在情形,以及減少電磁輻射暴露危險,本會特進行家戶電磁輻射檢測服務。 使用儀器: TES-1393(0-300HZ 檢測極低頻)、TES-92 (50MHZ-3.5GHZ檢測射頻)。 服務內容: 檢測家戶電磁輻射情形,包括客廳臥室背景值及電器電信設備之電磁輻射,詳如檢測手冊 .....................................防射頻電磁波商品--請洽【綠農的家】

» 搜尋本站

» 訂閱本站

在此輸入您的E-mail

» .

.

» 環保鬥陣

» 網站流量

2011-12-06

蘋果日報涉訪問錯誤專業並可能誤導公眾認知

台灣電磁輻射公害防治協會新聞稿 2011/12/6


台灣電磁輻射公害防治協會聲明

蘋果日報涉訪問錯誤專業並可能誤導公眾認知

請蘋果日報修正今日電磁波錯誤報導

今日(2011/12/6)蘋果日報於A8大幅報導台大電機系許姓教授宣稱他沒聽過1875萬Hz的電磁波可以傷害人體云云,因蘋果日報未訪問公衛及醫學相關健康領域學者,也未訪問不同立場意見,就遽下錯誤之「林瑞雄怕的電磁波 無害啦」大標題,此涉錯誤訪問電機專業而非公衛健康專業人士,並可能嚴重誤導公眾認知並傷害電磁波受害者,特舉證反駁,請蘋果日報修正錯誤報導,說明如下:

一、 有關林瑞雄副總統候選人所提出電磁波頻率附近之生物有危害影響國際期刊發表論文請見: http://www.powerwatch.org.uk/rf/radio_tv.asp ,分別有韓國、英國、澳洲、義大利、瑞典等多國學者發表有生物危害論文(註二),其中有廣播電台、電視台等電磁波,其頻率皆小於微波爐(2400百萬Hz),對生物有影響,有導致小兒及成人白血病顯著增加,並有頭痛及干擾睡眠等症狀,舉證相關電磁波論文如註二。

二、 今年四月義大利羅馬高等法院已判定梵諦岡教廷需針對其所屬梵諦岡電台電磁波造成附近Cesano村落小兒白血病顯著增加進行賠償,足證其具危害性。(梵諦岡電台對世界61個國家廣播,註一,論文見註二)。

三、 今年世界衛生組織已提出包括手機、廣播電台、電視台、雷達、無線電話等頻率於100KHz至300GHz範圍內之電磁波,皆屬於2B致癌物,世界衛生組織也呼籲應預警防範。

四、請蘋果日報查證1875萬Hz附近頻率電磁波對人體是否有影響資料,也請訪問電磁波對健康是否影響之相關公衛醫學領域學者,而非與健康無關之電機或物理領域學者,相信此涉錯誤報導已對林瑞雄副總統候選人或對其他電磁波受害者造成傷害,請蘋果日報務必修正錯誤,否則將有損貴報信譽及公信。

新聞連絡人:林小姐06-3363763 台北辦公室:02-23658916 0972803335

連小姐 0937888403張小姐

註一: Italy's supreme Court has ordered Vatican Radio to compensate a small town near Rome following claims that children there were at a higher risk of cancer because of the broadcaster's high-powered transmitters.

Reports emerged in 2001 that electro-magnetic radiation produced by Vatican Radio's transmitters near Cesano was above the legal limit. The station cut the strength of its signals, but the case went to court when a health authority released a study claiming that children in the area were six times more likely to develop leukaemia than youngsters elsewhere. Rome's Court of Appeal will now decide how much Vatican Radio will have to pay in damages.

» View full story in The Independent :I taly's supreme Court has ordered Vatican Radio to compensate a small town near Rome following claims that children there were at a higher risk of cancer because of the broadcaster's high-powered transmitters. Reports emerged in 2001 that electro-magnetic radiation produced by Vatican Radio's transmitters near Cesano was above the legal limit. The station cut the strength of its signals, but the case went to court when a health authority released a study claiming that children in the area were six times more likely to develop leukaemia than youngsters elsewhere. Rome's Court of Appeal will now decide how much Vatican Radio will have to pay in damages. Codacons, the national consumer association which backed residents' claims, hailed the court's decision. "Finally justice is done and the people of Cesano will be able to have the compensation they deserve," said the president of Codacons, Carlo Rienzi. Vatican Radio said it was disappointed by the ruling. "This sentence comes at the end of a long, stormy trial process which has seen the pontifical broadcaster subject to unjust accusations," a spokesman told Ansa news agency. "There is no justified reason for concern for any part of the population." The Vatican also noted that medical research had never managed to establish a firm link between electromagnetic waves from radio masts and malignancies. Some experts believe high-powered radio transmitters might raise the risk of cancer in children. However, unlike ionising radiation, such as X-rays, it is not clear how radio waves might damage cells in a way that causes the disease. Vatican Radio, which was set up in 1931, broadcasts to 61 countries in 47 languages.

註二: http://www.powerwatch.org.uk/rf/radio_tv.asp

References

1. P Altpeter ES et al, (February 2006) Effect of short-wave (6-22 MHz) magnetic fields on sleep quality and melatonin cycle in humans: the Schwarzenburg shut-down study, Bioelectromagnetics. 2006 Feb;27(2):142-50 [View Comments and Links] [View on Pubmed] Bioelectromagnetics. 2006 Feb;27(2):142-50.

Abstract : This paper describes the results of a unique "natural experiment" of the operation and cessation of a broadcast transmitter with its short-wave electromagnetic fields (6-22 MHz) on sleep quality and melatonin cycle in a general human population sample. In 1998, 54 volunteers (21 men, 33 women) were followed for 1 week each before and after shut-down of the short-wave radio transmitter at Schwarzenburg (Switzerland). Salivary melatonin was sampled five times a day and total daily excretion and acrophase were estimated using complex cosinor analysis. Sleep quality was recorded daily using a visual analogue scale. Before shut down, self-rated sleep quality was reduced by 3.9 units (95% CI: 1.7-6.0) per mA/m increase in magnetic field exposure. The corresponding decrease in melatonin excretion was 10% (95% CI: -32 to 20%). After shutdown, sleep quality improved by 1.7 units (95% CI: 0.1-3.4) per mA/m decrease in magnetic field exposure. Melatonin excretion increased by 15% (95% CI: -3 to 36%) compared to baseline values suggesting a rebound effect. Stratified analyses showed an exposure effect on melatonin excretion in poor sleepers (26% increase; 95% CI: 8-47%) but not in good sleepers. Change in sleep quality and melatonin excretion was related to the extent of magnetic field reduction after the transmitter's shut down in poor but not good sleepers. However, blinding of exposure was not possible in this observational study and this may have affected the outcome measurements in a direct or indirect (psychological) way.

2. P Clark ML et al, (October 2007) Biomonitoring of estrogen and melatonin metabolites among women residing near radio and television broadcasting transmitters, J Occup Environ Med. 2007 Oct;49(10):1149-56 [View Comments and Links] [View on Pubmed] J Occup Environ Med. 2007 Oct;49(10):1149-56.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Metabolites of estrogen (estrone-3-glucuronide [E1G]) and melatonin (6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate [6-OHMS]) were characterized among women living in a community with increased radiofrequency (RF) exposure from radio and television transmitters.

METHODS: RF spot measurements, and personal 60-Hz magnetic field and residential parameters were collected. Overnight urine samples were assayed for E1G and 6-OHMS excretion.

RESULTS: Among premenopausal women, there were no associations between RF or 60-Hz nonionizing radiation and E1G or 6-OHMS excretion. Among postmenopausal women, increased residential RF exposures, transmitter proximity and visibility, and temporally stable 60-Hz exposures were significantly associated with increased E1G excretion. This association was strongest among postmenopausal women with low overnight 6-OHMS levels.

CONCLUSIONS: RF and temporally stable 60-Hz exposures were associated with increased E1G excretion among postmenopausal women. Women with reduced nocturnal 6-OHMS excretion may represent a sensitive subgroup.

3. P Dolk H et al, (January 1997) Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain. I. Sutton Coldfield transmitter, Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Jan 1;145(1):1-9 [View Comments and Links] [View on Pubmed]

Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Jan 1;145(1):1-9. Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain. I. Sutton Coldfield transmitter.

A small area study of cancer incidence in 1974-1986 was carried out to investigate an unconfirmed report of a "cluster" of leukemias and lymphomas near the Sutton Coldfield television (TV) and frequency modulation (FM) radio transmitter in the West Midlands, England. The study used a national database of postcoded cancer registrations, and population and socioeconomic data from the 1981 census. Selected cancers were hematopoietic and lymphatic, brain, skin, eye, male breast, female breast, lung, colorectal, stomach, prostate, and bladder. Expected numbers of cancers in small areas were calculated by indirect standardization, with stratification for a small area socioeconomic index. The study area was defined as a 10 km radius circle around the transmitter, within which 10 bands of increasing distance from the transmitter were defined as a basis for testing for a decline in risk with distance, and an inner area was arbitrarily defined for descriptive purposes as a 2 km radius circle. The risk of adult leukemia within 2 km was 1.83 (95% confidence interval 1.22-2.74), and there was a significant decline in risk with distance from the transmitter (p = 0.001). These findings appeared to be consistent over the periods 1974-1980, 1981-1986, and were probably largely independent of the initially reported cluster, which appeared to concern mainly a later period. In the context of variability of leukemia risk across census wards in the West Midlands as a whole, the Sutton Coldfield findings were unusual. A significant decline in risk with distance was also found for skin cancer, possibly related to residual socioeconomic confounding, and for bladder cancer. Study of other radio and TV transmitters in Great Britain is required to put the present results in wider context. No causal implications can be made from a single cluster investigation of this kind.

5. P Ha M et al, (December 2003) Incidence of cancer in the vicinity of Korean AM radio transmitters, Arch Environ Health. 2003 Dec;58(12):756-62 [View Comments and Links] [View on Pubmed]

Arch Environ Health. 2003 Dec;58(12):756-62.

Abstract Results of various studies have indicated a potential association between exposures to electrical and/or magnetic fields and risks of various cancers. The authors used a cross-sectional ecological study design to investigate such a potential association. In areas proximate to 42 amplitude modulated (AM) radio transmitters, 11 high-power study sites (i.e., areas exposed to 100-1500-kW transmission power) and 31 low-power study sites (i.e., areas exposed to 50-kW transmission power) were identified. The incidence of cancer within a 2-km radius of each transmitter was obtained from (a) Korean medical-insurance data for the years 1993 through 1996, (b) population census data for the year 1995, and (c) resident registration data for the year 1995. The authors calculated age-standardized rate ratios for total cancer, leukemia, malignant lymphoma, brain cancer, and breast cancer, and compared the incidence of cancer within 2 km of the high-power transmitters vs. the incidence within 2 km of the low-power transmitters. Four control areas for each high-power transmitter were also selected. The control areas were located in the same, or nearest adjacent, province as the high-power sites, but were at least 2 km from any of the transmitters. Indirect standardized observed/expected ratios for the high-power sites vs. control areas were calculated for each transmitter separately, and for 4 transmitter groupings defined by power level (i.e., 100 kW, 250 kW, 500 kW, and 1500 kW). The authors found no significant increase in age-standardized rate ratios of cancers for high-power vs. low-power sites, with the exceptions of total cancer and of brain cancer in women. Among the 11 high-power sites, there were significantly increased incidences of leukemia in 2 areas and of brain cancer in 1 area. Future studies should incorporate additional detailed exposure assessments and a strong analytical study design to explore the possible association between radiofrequency radiation from AM radio transmitters and cancer.

6. P Ha M et al, (August 2007) Radio-frequency radiation exposure from AM radio transmitters and childhood leukemia and brain cancer, Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Aug 1;166(3):270-9 [View Comments and Links] [View on Pubmed]

Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Aug 1;166(3):270-9. Epub 2007 Jun 7. (korea)

Abstract: Leukemia and brain cancer patients under age 15 years, along with controls with respiratory illnesses who were matched to cases on age, sex, and year of diagnosis (1993-1999), were selected from 14 South Korean hospitals using the South Korean Medical Insurance Data System. Diagnoses were confirmed through the South Korean National Cancer Registry. Residential addresses were obtained from medical records. A newly developed prediction program incorporating a geographic information system that was modified by the results of actual measurements was used to estimate radio-frequency radiation (RFR) exposure from 31 amplitude modulation (AM) radio transmitters with a power of 20 kW or more. A total of 1,928 leukemia patients, 956 brain cancer patients, and 3,082 controls were analyzed. Cancer risks were estimated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for residential area, socioeconomic status, and community population density. The odds ratio for all types of leukemia was 2.15 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 4.67) among children who resided within 2 km of the nearest AM radio transmitter as compared with those resided more than 20 km from it. For total RFR exposure from all transmitters, odds ratios for lymphocytic leukemia were 1.39 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.86) and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.11) for children in the second and third quartiles, respectively, versus the lowest quartile. Brain cancer and infantile cancer were not associated with AM RFR.

7. P Hallberg O, Johansson O, (January 2002) Melanoma incidence and frequency modulation (FM) broadcasting, Arch Environ Health. 2002 Jan-Feb;57(1):32-40 [View Comments and Links] [View on Pubmed]

Arch Environ Health. 2002 Jan-Feb;57(1):32-40.

Abstract The incidence of melanoma has been increasing steadily in many countries since 1960, but the underlying mechanism causing this increase remains elusive. The incidence of melanoma has been linked to the distance to frequency modulation (FM) broadcasting towers. In the current study, the authors sought to determine if there was also a related link on a larger scale for entire countries. Exposure-time-specific incidence was extracted from exposure and incidence data from 4 different countries, and this was compared with reported age-specific incidence of melanoma. Geographic differences in melanoma incidence were compared with the magnitude of this environmental stress. The exposure-time-specific incidence from all 4 countries became almost identical, and they were approximately equal to the reported age-specific incidence of melanoma. A correlation between melanoma incidence and the number of locally receivable FM transmitters was found. The authors concluded that melanoma is associated with exposure to FM broadcasting.

8. P Hallberg O, Johansson O, (2005) FM broadcasting exposure time and malignant melanoma incidence, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 24; 1-8

Object: To analyze the age-specific incidence of malignant melanoma in Sweden since 1958 in order to see if the reported general increase in incidence would be explained by a sudden exposure to an environmental stress to the population. Methods: Incidence data for all age groups was collected from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare databases for each year between 1958 and 2002.

The incidence in all 288 municipalities of Sweden was correlated to the number of FM transmitters covering each municipality. Results: The age-specific incidence was found to be constant over the last 20–30 years for people younger than 50 years while the incidence for older age groups still are constantly increasing. The total incidence in different municipalities was found to be a strong function of the number of covering FM transmitters. Conclusions: The age-specific incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin appears to be following a pattern of response to an imposed environmental change in 1955. We believe that the frequency modulation (FM) broadcasting radiation at whole-body resonant frequencies is such an environmental stress.

9. P Hocking B et al, (December 1996) Cancer incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers, Med J Aust. 1996 Dec 2-16;165(11-12):601-5

An ecological study comparing cancer incidence and mortality, 1972-1990, in nine municipalities, three of which surround the TV towers and six of which are further away from the towers. (TV radiofrequency radiation decreases with the square of the distance from the source.) Cancer incidence and mortality data were obtained from the then Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health. Data on frequency, power, and period of broadcasting for the three TV towers were obtained from the Commonwealth Department of Communications and the Arts. The calculated power density of the radiofrequency radiation in the exposed area ranged from 8.0 microW/cm2 near the towers to 0.2 microW/cm2 at a radius of 4km and 0.02 microW/cm2 at 12 km. Results: For all ages, the rate ratio for total leukaemia incidence was 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.40). Among children, the rate ratio for leukaemia incidence was 1.58 (95% CI, 1.07-2.34) and for mortality it was 2.32 (95% CI, 1.35-4.01). The rate ratio for childhood lymphatic leukaemia (the most common type) was 1.55 (95% CI, 1.00-2.41) for incidence and 2.74 (95% CI, 1.42-5.27) for mortality. Brain cancer incidence and mortality were not increased. Conclusion: We found an association between increased childhood leukaemia incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers.

10. P Holt JA, (June 1980) Changing epidemiology of malignant melanoma in Queensland, Med J Aust. 1980 Jun 14;1(12):619-20 [View Comments and Links] [View on Pubmed]

11. P Kolodynski AA, Kolodynska VV, (February 1996) Motor and psychological functions of school children living in the area of the Skrunda Radio Location Station in Latvia, Sci Total Environ. 1996 Feb 2;180(1):87-93 [View Comments and Links] [View on Pubmed]

12. P Maskarinec G et al, (1994) Investigation of increased incidence in childhood leukemia near radio towers in Hawaii: preliminary observations, J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1994;13(1):33-7 [View Comments and Links] [View on Pubmed]

J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1994;13(1):33-7.

Abstract: Twelve children from the Waianae Coast, Hawaii, were diagnosed with acute leukemia from 1979 to 1990. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 2.09 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08 to 3.65) indicates a significant increase. Seven cases occurred between 1982 and 1984 and were unusual in terms of sex, age, and type of leukemia. A case-control study (12 cases, 48 matched controls) explored risk factors, including parents' occupation, X-ray exposure, domestic smoking, family and medical histories, and distance of children's residence locations to low frequency radio towers. The odds ratio (OR) for having lived within 2.6 miles of the radio towers before diagnosis was 2.0 (95% CI 0.06 to 8.3). The clustering may have been a chance event, but because of its peculiar characteristics, we feel it should be noted.

13. P Michelozzi P et al, (November 2001) Leukemia mortality and incidence of infantile leukemia near the Vatican Radio Station of Rome, Epidemiol Prev. 2001 Nov-Dec;25(6):249-55 [View Comments and Links] [View on Pubmed]

Epidemiol Prev. 2001 Nov-Dec;25(6):249-55.

Abstract: Some recent epidemiological studies suggest an association between lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers and residential exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields (100 kHz-300 GHz) generated by radio and television transmitters. Vatican Radio, a very powerful radio station transmitting all over the world (up to 600 kW) is located in Santa Maria di Galeria, in the northern suburbs of the city of Rome. Electric field measurements in the proximity of the radio station ranged between 1.5 and 25 V/m. In the 10 km area around the station, with 60.182 residents (1999), leukaemia mortality among adults (> 14 years, 40 cases) in the period 1987-98 and childhood leukaemia incidence in the period 1987-99 (8 cases) were evaluated. The analysis (Stone's conditional test) was performed computing observed and expected cases (reference: population of Rome) in 5 bands of increasing radius (2 km width). The risk of childhood leukaemia was higher than expected within 6 km from the station (Standardized Incidence Ratio = 217; 95% Confidence Interval 99-405). Stone's test showed a significant decrease in risk with increasing distance both for male adult mortality (p-value = 0.03) and for childhood incidence (p-value = 0.04). A Score test, showed a significant decrease in risk of childhood incidence as function of the distance. The main limitations of this study are the small number of observed cases and the use of distance as a proxy for RF exposure. Further research will require a systematic campaign of electromagnetic field measurements to allow better assessment of the population exposure.

14. P Michelozzi P et al, (June 2002) Adult and childhood leukemia near a high-power radio station in Rome, Italy, Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Jun 15;155(12):1096-103 [View Comments and Links] [View on Pubmed]

Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Jun 15;155(12):1096-103.

Abstract: Some recent epidemiologic studies suggest an association between lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers and residential exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz) generated by radio and television transmitters. Vatican Radio is a very powerful station located in a northern suburb of Rome, Italy. In the 10-km area around the station, with 49,656 residents (in 1991), leukemia mortality among adults (aged >14 years; 40 cases) in 1987-1998 and childhood leukemia incidence (eight cases) in 1987-1999 were evaluated. The risk of childhood leukemia was higher than expected for the distance up to 6 km from the radio station (standardized incidence rate = 2.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 4.1), and there was a significant decline in risk with increasing distance both for male mortality (p = 0.03) and for childhood leukemia (p = 0.036). The study has limitations because of the small number of cases and the lack of exposure data. Although the study adds evidence of an excess of leukemia in a population living near high-power radio transmitters, no causal implication can be drawn. There is still insufficient scientific knowledge, and new epidemiologic studies are needed to clarify a possible leukemogenic effect of residential exposure to radio frequency radiation.

15. P Park SK et al, (August 2004) Ecological study on residences in the vicinity of AM radio broadcasting towers and cancer death: preliminary observations in Korea, Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2004 Aug;77(6):387-94

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Public health concern about the health effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) has increased with the increase in public exposure. This study was to evaluate some health effect of RF exposure by the AM radio broadcasting towers in Korea.

METHODS: We calculated cancer mortality rates using Korean death certificates over the period of 1994-1995 and population census data in ten RF-exposed areas, defined as regions that included AM radio broadcasting towers of over 100 kW, and in control areas, defined as regions without a radio broadcasting tower inside and at least 2 km away from the towers.

RESULTS: All cancers-mortality was significantly higher in the exposed areas [direct standardized mortality rate ratio (MRR) = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.12-1.49]. When grouped by each exposed area and by electrical power, MRRs for two sites of 100 kW, one site of 250 kW and one site of 500 kW, for all subjects, and for one site of 100 kW and two sites of 250 kW, for male subjects, showed statistically significant increases without increasing trends according to the groups of electric power. Leukemia mortality was higher in exposed areas (MRR = 1.70, 95% CI = 0.84-3.45), especially among young adults aged under 30 years (0-14 years age group, MRR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05-5.98; 15-29 age group, MRR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.07-5.24).

CONCLUSIONS: We observed higher mortality rates for all cancers and leukemia in some age groups in the area near the AM radio broadcasting towers. Although these findings do not prove a causal link between cancer and RF exposure from AM radio broadcasting towers, it does suggest that further analytical studies on this topic are needed in Korea.

16. P Reif JS et al, (August 2005) Human responses to Residential RF exposure, 2 RO1 ES0008117-04 [View Comments and Links]

17. Radio-Frequency Radiation Exposure from AM Radio Transmitters and Childhood Leukemia and Brain Cancer Received August 2, 2006. Accepted February 2, 2007.

Abstract

Leukemia and brain cancer patients under age 15 years, along with controls with respiratory illnesses who were matched to cases on age, sex, and year of diagnosis (1993–1999), were selected from 14 South Korean hospitals using the South Korean Medical Insurance Data System. Diagnoses were confirmed through the South Korean National Cancer Registry. Residential addresses were obtained from medical records. A newly developed prediction program incorporating a geographic information system that was modified by the results of actual measurements was used to estimate radio-frequency radiation (RFR) exposure from 31 amplitude modulation (AM) radio transmitters with a power of 20 kW or more. A total of 1,928 leukemia patients, 956 brain cancer patients, and 3,082 controls were analyzed. Cancer risks were estimated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for residential area, socioeconomic status, and community population density. The odds ratio for all types of leukemia was 2.15 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 4.67) among children who resided within 2 km of the nearest AM radio transmitter as compared with those resided more than 20 km from it. For total RFR exposure from all transmitters, odds ratios for lymphocytic leukemia were 1.39 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.86) and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.11) for children in the second and third quartiles, respectively, versus the lowest quartile. Brain cancer and infantile cancer were not associated with AM RFR.

18. Residential exposure to radiofrequency fields from mobile phone base stations, and broadcast transmitters: a population-based survey with personal meter Occup Environ Med 2009;66:550-556 doi:10.1136/oem.2008.044180 Original article

Abstract

Objectives: Both the public perceptions, and most published epidemiologic studies, rely on the assumption that the distance of a particular residence from a base station or a broadcast transmitter is an appropriate surrogate for exposure to radiofrequency fields, although complex propagation characteristics affect the beams from antennas. The main goal of this study was to characterise the distribution of residential exposure from antennas using personal exposure meters.

Methods: A total of 200 randomly selected people were enrolled. Each participant was supplied with a personal exposure meter for 24 h measurements, and kept a time–location–activity diary. Two exposure metrics for each radiofrequency were then calculated: the proportion of measurements above the detection limit (0.05 V/m), and the maximum electric field strength. Residential address was geocoded, and distance from each antenna was calculated.

Results: Much of the time, the recorded field strength was below the detection level (0.05 V/m), the FM band standing apart with a proportion above the detection threshold of 12.3%. The maximum electric field strength was always lower than 1.5 V/m. Exposure to GSM and DCS waves peaked around 280 m and 1000 m from the antennas. A downward trend was found within a 10 km range for FM. Conversely, UMTS, TV 3, and TV 4&5 signals did not vary with distance. Conclusions: Despite numerous limiting factors entailing a high variability in radiofrequency exposure assessment, but owing to a sound statistical technique, we found that exposures from GSM and DCS base stations increase with distance in the near source zone, to a maximum where the main beam intersects the ground. We believe these results will contribute to the ongoing public debate over the location of base stations and their associated emissions.

以下共有 1 則留言

匿名 表示:

他之前說選舉後會說明遭受電磁波攻擊一事...為什麼選舉後就神隱?是不是該上電視說明清楚

最新文章

::極低頻電磁場::

::射頻電磁輻射::